Craik and endel tulving university of toronto, toronto, ontario, canada summary ten experiments were designed to explore the levels of processing framework for human memory research proposed by craik and lockhart 1972. As deeper processing would logically take more time to execute than shallow processing e. Lockhart in 1972, describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of mental processing. Semantic encoding was directly compared to visual imagery encoding in an experimental variant of the craik tulving procedure. To do this we needed a camera to film the experiment, around 20 year 8 students and a classroom. In sum, howe and courage 1993, 1997 proposed that a cognitive self is both necessary and sufficient for the beginning of the autobiographical memory system. Effects of divided attention at encoding and retrieval. Depth of processing, retrieval cues, and uniqueness of encoding as. To test lop measure durability of memory trace to measure which information is recalled best semantic, structural or phonetic procedure. This work was done in collaboration with robert lockhart at the university of toronto in 1972 and continued with another collaborative effort with endel tulving in 1975. Craik and tulvings 1975 levels of processing st youtube.
Participants were given a list of 60 words, one at a time and were required to process each word at one of thee levels the independent variable. Previous work using positron emission tomography pet has shown that memory encoding processes are associated with preferential activation of left frontal regions of the brain, whereas retrieval processes are associated predominantly with right frontal activations. Deeper levels of analysis produce more elaborate, longerlasting, and stronger memory traces than shallow levels of analysis. Nelson, 1995, but research has not directly investigated this possibility. Research on the effects of context and task on learning and memory has included approaches that emphasize processes during learning e. In putting forth this model, craik and lockhart suggested that the two levels of memory in the multistore model might be unnecessary, but the levelsofprocessing notion is readily incorporated into the rehearsal function of s t m in the. Sensory, working, and long term memory mcat khan academy duration. Participants were given words along with questions about them. Pdf depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic. One paper is referenced in the lab report guidelines document that you could also use as one of the references. Participants were presented with a series of 60 words about which they had to answer one of 3. Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic.
Each word was presented along with three questions. Lab 5 craik tulving1975 major report guide what this. The questions required the participants to process the words at one of the three levels. To investigate depth processing by giving participants s number of tasks requiring different levels of processing and measuring recognition. Elaborative encoding as an explanation of levels of.
Fergus ian muirden craik frs born 17 april 1935, edinburgh, scotland is a cognitive psychologist known for his research on levels of processing in memory. Craik and tulving 1975 craik and tulving s 1975 levels of processing st youtube. In a study from 1975 craik and tulving participants were given a list of 60 words. Craik and tulving 1975 performed a series of experiments which they inter preted as showing both effects of depth of processing and degree of elaboration. Craik and tulvings research supports their level of processing theory. A second point that emerges from jacobys analysis is that when items are encoded richly and semantically, such encoding supports higher levels of subsequent memory performance e. Rep licating earlier research, they found better performance for semantically processed material than for shallow, physically pro cessed material. The deeper the level of processing, the easier the information is to recall. With regard to an independent index of processing depth. Craik and tulving report final running head the effect. The levels of processing model craik and lockhart, 1972 focuses on the depth of processing involved in memory, and predicts the deeper information is processed, the longer a memory trace will last. Design repeated measures same participants used in all conditionsexperiments.
Pdf conducted 10 experiments to evaluate the notion of depth of processing in human memory. Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory approx. Craik and tulving 1975 craik and tulvings 1975 levels of processing st youtube. The effect of processing depth on memory and recognition abstract the present study was carried out among university students to test craik and tulvings 1975 levels of processing theory. Theres quite a bit of psycholinguistic evidence in support of the depth of processing theory, starting with craik and tulvings classic 1975 study or you can download the original 2. Learning and memory strategy demonstrations for the.
We classified vocabulary mnemonics into shallow and deepencoding types, analyzed the advantage and disadvantage of each mnemonic, and concluded that. Craik and lockhart 1972 proposed the levels of processing theory, where the depth of processing on a stimulus affects its memorability based on craik and lockharts theory, craik and tulving 1975 proposed that words processed more deeply i. In the recreation of the experiment our aim was to investigate structural, phonic and semantic meaning. Some years ago, psychologists fergus craik and endel tulving 1975 conducted a series of experiments to find out. The idea of lop emerged as an attempt to explain the mnemonic system.
Craik has received numerous awards and is considered a leader in the. Craik and lockhart 1972 proposed that memory traces are byproducts of the percep. This experiment investigated how deep and shallow processing affects memory recall. Priming is the difference in identifying studied relative to nonstudied words. University professor emeritus, university of toronto. In this landmark chapter, tulving coined the distinction between semantic and episodic memory.
Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. On the other hand, if you pay attention to the deeper characteristics of a word such as its meaning, then you are more likely to remember it later. The 243 participants each completed a study phase, in which the reaction times were recorded on how long it took to answer the question. Craik and tulving, 1975 journal of experimental psychology.
Terms in this set 10 to investigate how deep and shallow processing affects memory recall. In 1975, a series of experiments developed by craik and tulving explored further the lop framework. Craik and tulving 1975 wanted to test whether depth of processing affected how well we remember information. Whereas semantic memory refers to general knowledge about the world, episodic memory refers to the ability to remember what occurred at a particular place and time. Depth of processing, retrieval cues, and uniqueness of encoding. In this article we outline some of the main ideas and observations embodied in the levels of processing approach to memory research craik and lockhart, 1972. Craik and tulving 1975 induced semantic, phonemic, and surface levels of processing, respectively, by the authors work is supported by phs grants hd10662 and hd00973. The impact of imagery strategy on efl learners vocabulary. Read an explanation and evaluation of this research. The theory suggests that processing depth has an effect of memory.
However, assuming that these higher levels of retention are attributable to enhanced recollection r which is affected by da at retrieval, items encoded semantically should be. Journal of experimental psychology general, 104, 268294. Depth of processing falls on a shallow to deep continuum. Levels of processing and zinchenkos approach to memory. Levels of processing, encoding strategies, and memory. Craik and tulving lop 1975 journal ol experimental. Craik and tulving, 1975 and compare these concepts and findings with those previously reported by p.
The idea that the way information is encoded affects how well it is remembered. Sixty words were presented orally in one of five encoding conditions. Two conditions were from experiment 9 of craik and tulving 1975, that is, semantic categoryyes and semantic categoryno. View lab report craik and tulving lop 1975 from psy 330 at college of staten island, cuny. The levels of processing model, created by fergus i. Owings, po box 154, george peabody college, nashville, tn 37203. This was a repeated measures design experiment with three conditions.
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